From the monthly archives: March 2010

Jezebel posted earlier about loneliness, which got me thinking about loneliness and the difference and overlap between autism, introversion, loneliness, and depression. They all have some overlap, in the sadness one can feel about being alone, but they are also all dramatically different.

Introversion and extroversion are the endpoints of a spectrum all people are on, weighted towards the extroversion end (that is to say, many more people are extroverted than introverted; if a Kinsey-type scale is used with 0 being absolute extroversion and 6 being absolute introversion, most people fall in the 1-2 range). Extroversion is the state of being refreshed and energized by other people, crowds, friendships. Introversion is the state of being refreshed and energized by time alone. On my hypothetical scale, I’d say I’m about a 4.5 to 5–definite introvert, but not a hermit.

Autism is a type of cognitive style. It can be barely noticable or well-masked, or prevent most forms of communication. It is no more inherently disabling than any other cognitive style, save that we are not societally set-up to accomodate intellectual differences any more than we (really) are for physical differences. We assume that speaking, signing, writing–using words–is the ultimate goal of communication, rather than communication being the goal unto itself. We assume that whatever our existence is, all others must be unsatisfactory. We assume that everyone must have similar goals. We assume that everyone must have access to the information we have access to (like nonverbal communication or tone–but, funnily enough, this assumption when present in spectrumites becomes a symptom of a problem!). These assumptions as a society can absolutely be disabling for those on the spectrum, but the cognitive style itself is not. Autistics can be introverted or extroverted, though I suspect we tend towards the introversion due to sensory overloading and poor social skills.

All people–autistic, neurotypical, otherwise neurodiverse, introverts, extroverts–need connections to other people. It may be so difficult to overcome different cognitive styles that we go without, willingly or unwillingly, but we still need others to communicate with and recieve and give affection.

Loneliness is the gap between what we need, and what we get.

Introverts, if the comments on Jez are any indication, seem to think that they are above loneliness, because they need aloneness. I don’t think this could be father from the truth. Introverts need affection and respect and communication from other people, the same as extroverts. We all need these things, and perhaps this is another spectrum: some people need a lot and some just a little, and most people somewhere in between, a perfect bell-curve. What I think happens for those introverts who never feel lonely is that their personal connection requirements are quite low, and so easily met.

I need aloneness. I crave it, and seek it out. Being alone allows me to think, to perseverate, to relax, to experience all of the emotions I have collected over a day and not realized I was missing. But being alone can also lead to loneliness. I am a creature of habit; there are days I only eat broccoli and coffee and there are days I don’t speak to anyone aloud except the cat. There is a line between aloneness that is good for me, and loneliness, but I can’t find it–it moves, I think, with my emotions and physical sensations and even with my thoughts. It’s easy to cross over that line and only realize it some time later, when the loneliness begins to gnaw at me and I finally notice. Like many feelings, I suspect I feel it much earlier than I am aware of feeling it. I need connections to other people, because I am human. Being autistic, being an introvert doesn’t quell that need. Depression is where loneliness is so pervasive there is no longer a drive to seek out that contact, that connection.

I don’t know how I’m going to make friends in Atlanta, but I am beginning to recognize that it is not just something I would like, but something I will need.

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On Monday morning, after a long night of not-quite-sleep reminiscent of being 8 and waiting for Christmas morning, I hauled myself out of bed at 6. I was on the road by 7, headed north.

View Directions to Staunton, VA in a larger map

The top line, where they split, was my route going to NYC, the bottom my route home (I ultimately changed my mind on the drive home from a third route, as my guess that there might be more places to stop on US highways rather than interstates proved to be drastically wrong).

More precisely, I drove to Iselin, NJ, where there’s a big giant train station for the NJ Rail, with covered and monitored parking garages and an inexpensive train ride into the city.

At first, driving was okay. I had a new book to listen to, and was super excited.

listening to Lord Sunday

This quickly became despondency, however, as I realized I was going to be in the car forever and might die.

sick of this...!

After a full seven and a half hours of driving, I had learnt two important things:
1. New Jersey is AWESOME. They pump your gas for you and it’s miraculously much cheaper than every surrounding state, and their roads are very nice. The single toll I had to pay at any point was a mere $.75 to cross a bridge into NJ (just that direction, too).
2. I have been lying when I say I don’t hate driving so much anymore.

However, I fucking love trains. They take you places with an extremely predictable route and schedule, and you don’t have to do anything but sit quietly and stare out of the window. Just being in the train station made me excited.

Ready to get on the train

The ride from NJ to NYC reminded me of nothing more than the couple times I took the train out to some of the suburbs of Melbourne on exploratory missions. Parts of NJ looked distinctly like Footscray.

Once in the city, I realized that even with the traffic, I’d overcompensated for time and had to kill about an hour. This was managed with a browse through the large bookstore just outside of Penn Station, and then the subway ride down to SoHo, and a bit more shop browsing there as the pub was ridiculously easy to find.

I felt very fancy ordering a prix fixe menu, though none of it was awesome enough to warrant writing about, except the couple behind me who insisted on loudly referring to it as the Price Fix menu. Er…French, ur doin it rong.

My first impression of Kate was “Peach princess!”, and that’s what stuck with me for the gig (despite the creepy drunk man at the table next to me who shouted through the gig his enthusiasm and how much he loved her–later, his companion would regale me with a story about how she spent $4000 to fly to Adelaide to see Kate, because she wasn’t going to fly coach, you know, and couldn’t grasp the idea that the price she paid for a pair of tickets was actually slightly below average for a pair to a Kate gig).

Angry!piano

peaches and cream

Kate and Keir

There was very little dancing, which is saddening–I hate that she seems to think American audiences won’t enjoy her antics, but maybe she’s right. She’s so much more alive when she performs in Australia, though, to my eyes–more manic, flaily, stompy-dances. It was a great show, though, and Keir was very sweet, though the story she told about him being confused for Ben Folds was probably pretty accurate (unlike the rest of the stories, which she’s been recycling for 3+ years).

The show was sold out, so there was a massive crowd to buy her seriously under priced CDs and get them signed, so I only had a few moments to say hi and get my pilfered setlist signed before she had to leave. While I was waiting, a very nice man asked me out, which was…strange. Apparently he has a terrible habit of asking out queer girls, and was very apologetic and sweet. I don’t know that I’ve ever actually been asked out before. With Kit it all just sort of happened.

As it was apparent Kate was not going to ask me to be her groupie at this time, I started the journey home.

on the train back from NYC

The train was delayed leaving Penn by about half an hour, though I was glad of it–there was a serious concern everything on that track might be cancelled for the night, so half an hour suddenly seemed like nothing. I made it back into the car and started the drive home. It was…long. There was a lot of coffee and Dr. Pepper and a moderate amount of junk food. I spent the time between 3 and 5:30 singing along loudly to Kate to keep myself awake–at one point doing only the harmonies, for the challenge of it (it proved not to be very challenging, unfortunately) and for the day when Kate decides I need to be her back-up singer.

I slept for a very long time when I got home.

set list and ticket

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I made the first move in regaining an online social community today. I’ve missed them. I hope they take me back.

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Fair warning: there’s a lot of links in this post, and they’re not there to be pretty.

There’s been some discussion on ScienceBlogs of Jonah Lehrer’s recent piece for the NYTimes, a review of depression and rumination and some mildly interesting thoughts on why rumination may confer an evolutionary advantage, thus preserving depression through evolution. Like most evolutionary psych theories, I think this is sort of pretty much bunk–a trait just doesn’t have to kill you off before you reproduce to be kept in the gene pool. Hell, even if it does kill you off, if your sibling has that gene but not expressed in the same manner and they reproduce, the gene can be passed on without issues. A really interesting book about genetics and disease states that I would highly reccomend is Survival of the Sickest.

That drifted off topic pretty quickly.

Okay, so the article is about rumination in depression and how it serves an essential function: for people with reactive depressions (that is, depression because something in their life sucks, like a pet or close friend or family member dying or being diagnosed with a serious illness or losing a job, as opposed to depression strictly caused by a chemical imbalance), the process of rumination helps alleviate the depression itself. Rumination is going over and over and over a scenario or comment or anything in in the past repeatedly. People who tend to be ruminative thinkers are more likely to be depressed, though it’s not completely clear if this is because ruminative thought processes lead to depression (otherwise known as dwelling on shitty stuff in life) or if people who are depressed turn to rumination.

I think it’s pretty simple to draw a parallel here to perseveration, or doing/thinking/saying something over and over again. It is also important to note that a large number of people on the autism spectrum do struggle with depression and/or anxiety. I would like to suggest that the broader thinking style is perseverative, and rumination (focus on events in the past) and worry (focus on events in the future) are just two subtypes of this broader thinking style. It doesn’t occur in just people on the autism spectrum: people with ADD (especially the inattentive/not hyperactive types) and people with ocd experience it, too. It seems that the broader neurodiverse community has at least a passing familiarity with this so-called autistic trait that we tend to assume must be unique to us as a group. Hell, even neurotypical people perseverate (though because they’re NT we kindly don’t label it as if it’s something bad or wrong or symptomatic).

So rumination allows (at least some) people who are depressed to focus and solve whatever problem it is that is causing their depression. People who are on the spectrum or otherwise neurodiverse use perseveration in much the same way at least some of the time–and sometimes, perhaps, it traps us into a negative thinking pattern which results in depression. Perhaps we are more inclined to perseveration/rumination/what have you being our thinking style overall. While not being able to turn off this compulsive drive can lead to problems, I think it’s certainly true that it can also lead to victories. We likely would not have some of our scientific achievements without people who perseverated the crap out of their topic of choice. On a more personal level, perseveration allows me to work through my thoughts and sort them into a coherent form that I can easily access and share with others. Yes, it can trap me into nonfuctional routines, food choices, or thinking patterns, but it is also rewarding. Perseveration taught me to draw well (I wonder if my parents still have any of the literally hundreds of variations I did of a single girl copied out of a book my dad had), probably had a part in my extreme early literacy, produced some of my best fiction writing. Perseverative thinking produced this blog post.

I don’t think we necessarily need to have an evolutionary explanation for why rumination (and as suggested by the article, depression) happens. Like many traits found within the non-neurotypical portion of neurodiversity, I think a tendency to be ruminative is just a part of the broader human experience. This makes labelling it a problem within the non-NT part of the population pretty obnoxious, though: because it is our primary thinking style rather than an accessory thinking style, we suddenly have problematic thinking. It is important to separate out the thinking style (perseverative) from the problems that can result. My way of thinking isn’t a problem. My choice of topics of what to think about (inasmuch as they are a choice) can be.

I’m not sure how to write a good transition here, so just go with me.

Also common in non-NTs are difficulties with executive function. This is basically the part of your brain that plans, that does a lot of abstract thinking, that allows for flexibility rather than adherence to routine, that helps keep your working memory strong. To varying degrees, most people on the spectrum seem to have some difficulties with executive function. It is also a major problem in depression for a lot of people.

What if perseveration is used to help overcome executive dysfunction?

What actually brought this to mind was an article in Real Simple, a magazine I flipped through at my mom’s house. It reminded me of information I already know, but had forgotten (ha!): there are a couple different theories of what working memory IS out there, but they all seem to agree that to move something from working memory to actual kept knowledge requires effort–repetitions, emotional involvement, word tricks.

Yes, that’s right, working memory often requires repetitive processing of information to transfer that information to long-term memory and become part of a person’s knowledge base. And that, if you are lucky enough to be non-neurotypical, is often called “perseveration.” Or rumination. If people with executive dysfunctions (spectrumites, depressed people, people with OCD, Tourette’s, ADHD, whatever) are also more likely to have ruminative thought processes, and we know that at least a little bit of rumination/perseveration can help assist along working memory (an executive function), then it seems like there should be studies on the effects of perseverative thinking in overcoming executive functioning problems for, well, everyone with executive functioning problems!

I totally see my postdoc right here, guys. Now I need to get into med school.

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High on the list of reasons why I am awesome:

Steampunk headphones. Yes, they work. Yes, they ARE badass, thank you.

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